Exercícios de Filosofia da Ciência: Popper e Kuhn

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Exercícios sobre Karl Popper e o Falsificacionismo

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Assinale com V (verdadeiro) ou F (falso):

  • Para Popper, a indução serve para confirmar ou verificar a verdade das teorias. F
  • A observação é, para Popper, a maneira de formar hipóteses. F
  • Sendo a ciência uma atividade racional, a indução está, segundo Popper, justificada como forma de estabelecer verdades. F
  • A observação não precede as teorias, e o seu conteúdo, para Popper, não é teoricamente neutro. V
  • Para Popper, a ciência não é uma atividade racional. F
  • Segundo Popper, a falsificabilidade das teorias é condição necessária da sua verificação. V
  • Segundo Popper, se uma teoria não for refutável, não é confirmável. V
  • Submetemos as teorias a testes que visam refutá-las para mostrar que são verdadeiras. F
  • Submetemos as teorias a testes que visam refutá-las para ver se podemos continuar a trabalhar com elas. V
  • Uma teoria não refutada por teste algum é uma teoria que deixou de ser conjetura ou hipótese. F
  • Para Popper, só são científicas as hipóteses que sabemos serem falsas ou que foram efetivamente refutadas. F
  • Uma teoria é falsificável quando tem a propriedade de ser verdadeira ou falsa. V
  • Uma teoria diz-se falsificada quando se provou que é falsa. V
  • Uma teoria que passa nos testes de falsificação a que é sujeita diz-se verdadeira. F
  • A astrologia não é uma teoria científica porque as suas previsões não podem ser sujeitas a testes que visem falsificá-las. V
  • As teorias científicas são teorias, em princípio, falsificáveis. V
  • Um único teste que falsifique ou negue uma teoria é suficiente para a declarar não satisfatória. V
  • Falsificar o enunciado "Todos os cisnes são brancos" é observar que pelo menos um cisne é preto. V


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  • Os falsificacionistas negam o valor científico das previsões alcançadas por indução. V
  • Por mais provas que tenhamos, segundo Popper, nunca podemos dizer que uma teoria é verdadeira. V
  • Uma teoria corroborada é uma teoria que até agora resistiu às tentativas de refutação e que por isso é declarada verdadeira. F
  • O senso comum resulta da organização espontânea dos dados dos sentidos e da experiência pessoal acumulada ao longo da vida. V
  • A ciência resulta de esforço intelectual para pôr em causa e/ou desconstruir a imagem comum do mundo, elaborada a partir da perceção sensitiva. V
  • A ciência não exige justificação, ou seja, demonstração e fundamentação da crença. F
  • A ciência é uma construção racional. V
  • O método científico é um conjunto de procedimentos que as diversas ciências seguem para investigar o seu objeto de estudo. V
  • O método indutivo é aquele em que os cientistas partem dos factos particulares observados, inferindo indutivamente conclusões gerais. F
  • O método indutivo não pode ser criticado, pois a observação é completamente imparcial. F
  • O método hipotético-dedutivo parte de um facto-problema. V
  • O critério de cientificidade de uma teoria é o facto de esta poder ser testada e refutada, ou falsificada. V


Questões de Escolha Múltipla

1. Atenta às características que se seguem e seleciona a alternativa mais adequada:

  1. Saber bastante estático e incompleto.
  2. Utiliza uma linguagem vaga e imprecisa, inadequada para processos de controlo experimental.
  3. Saber organizado de forma sistemática e unificada com grande poder explicativo.
  4. Saber crítico e metódico.

A. 1 e 2 referem-se ao senso comum; 3 e 4 referem-se ao conhecimento científico.

2. Segundo a perspetiva indutivista, as teorias ou leis científicas:

A. Podem ser conclusivamente comprovadas pela experiência, pois podemos observar diretamente os factos que elas enunciam.

3. Segundo a perspetiva indutivista, a dedução:

C. É utilizada para formular uma teoria científica com base nos enunciados particulares recolhidos através da observação pura e imparcial da natureza.

4. Segundo Karl Popper, a ciência:

B. Não deve recorrer à indução para justificar os enunciados gerais das teorias científicas.

5. Popper considera que a verificação experimental de uma teoria científica é…

B. Possível, pois as teorias científicas expressam-se em enunciados particulares que podem ser conclusivamente comprovados pela experiência.

6. Qual das seguintes afirmações não constitui uma objeção à conceção indutivista da ciência?

A. A observação não é o ponto de partida para a ciência.

7. Qual das seguintes afirmações não constitui uma objeção ao falsificacionismo?

B. Não é razoável abandonar uma teoria apenas porque foi refutada por um teste experimental.


Perspetiva de Thomas Kuhn

Presta atenção às descrições que se seguem e depois seleciona a alternativa mais de acordo com a perspetiva de Thomas Kuhn acerca do desenvolvimento científico:

  1. A confiança no paradigma é abalada por uma série de anomalias.
  2. Matriz disciplinar que orienta toda uma forma de se fazer ciência numa dada área.
  3. Investigação centrada na resolução de enigmas orientada por um paradigma.
  4. Período do desenvolvimento científico marcado pela cisão da comunidade científica.

D. 1 refere-se à crise científica; 2 ao paradigma; 3 à ciência normal; e 4 à ciência extraordinária.

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